Second of two parts
Faced with the prospect of an increasingly uncertain future, the world faces an era of unprecedented change. Rising geopolitical tensions and major shifts in the global market may propel organizations to adapt and rethink their strategies, with two critical concepts coming to the fore: multipolarity and de-risking.
The EY Geostrategic Outlook is an annual report by the EY Geostrategic Business Group (GBG) that selects the top geopolitical developments for the year by analyzing the global political risk environment. The GBG first conducts a crowdsourced horizon scanning exercise with subject matter resources to identify potential risks, then conducts an impact assessment to narrow down the top geopolitical developments that are both highly impactful and highly probable for companies worldwide.
In the first part of this article, we discussed the evolving multipolarity in geopolitics, specifically tackling the developments surrounding the geopolitical multiverse, AI, the oceans, and competition for essential commodities. These underscore the need for economic diversification and resilient supply chains due to increased geopolitical disruptions. However, it also aggravates global policy coordination challenges, escalating potential transnational uncertainties.
The second theme is de-risking, with governments increasingly combining economic policy with national security to stimulate domestic production of critical products in sectors such as semiconductors, telecommunications, renewable energy, electric vehicles, and biotechnologies. This trend, more prevalent in 2024, indicates a shift in policy focus towards national security over pure economic considerations, possibly fueling inflation and hindering global innovation due to increased government intervention in supply chains and investments.
Global elections supercycle
With a wave of elections happening in geopolitically significant markets representing more than half of the global population and the global GDP, this global elections supercycle will generate policy and regulatory uncertainty. This in turn has long-term implications for industrial strategies, ongoing military conflicts, and climate policies.
The outcome of Taiwan’s presidential election, which concluded last 13 January, may affect political and economic relations with Mainland China as well as broader geopolitical dynamics. Later this year, campaign dynamics from the US elections could increase volatility for businesses, while election outcomes can result in far-reaching shifts on domestic and foreign policy issues on global alliances, regulations, and climate change.
Economic security
Recent global developments have increased geopolitical rivalries and heightened the neo-statism (a new cross-party consensus about needing a more interventionist state) trend, leading to a greater focus on economic self-sufficiency and increased intervention in supply chains. In 2024, de-risking global interdependencies is expected to be a critical tool in geostrategic competition, with policies targeting reduced reliance on geopolitical competitors, promoting domestic industry competitiveness, and enhancing sociopolitical stability.
The White House readout on the meeting between PBBM and VP Harris on the sidelines of the November 2023 APEC meetings in San Francisco states that VP Harris announced a “new partnership with the Government of the Philippines to grow and diversify the global semiconductor ecosystem under the International Technology Security and Innovation (ITSI) Fund, created by the CHIPS Act of 2022. This partnership will help create a more resilient, secure, and sustainable global semiconductor value chain.”
Particularly impacted will be sectors like aerospace, defense, and advanced digital technologies, where stringent economic security policies will be enforced. Traditional strategic sectors, like energy and critical infrastructure, will see regulations and incentives used to protect or promote domestic production. Emerging strategic sectors, such as healthcare and agriculture, will come into greater focus with regulations aimed at increasing resilience to supply chain disruptions.
Value chain diversification
According to the July 2023 EY CEO Outlook Pulse survey, 99% of CEOs plan strategic changes in response to geopolitical challenges such as government tensions and policies encouraging value chain diversification. This creates political risks for companies entering or expanding in alternative markets in 2024. Despite ongoing investment in developed markets, geopolitical swing states are expected to be key to diversification efforts. Country-level political risks, infrastructure quality, labor dynamics, global interest rates, and government incentives will influence these decisions.
Sustainability considerations, including carbon taxes and emissions reporting requirements, will further shape the diversification agenda. The 2024 election supercycle intensifies policy uncertainties in several markets affecting labor laws, infrastructure investments, and industry policies, adding another layer of complexity to diversification and investment decisions.
Sustainability
Currently, some countries are prioritizing economic growth and energy security over emissions reductions, leading to inconsistent sustainability regulations. Some governments are boosting their domestic green economy while potentially slowing the implementation of sustainability regulations to meet short-term economic goals.
Green policies could face opposition if they are viewed as protectionist or discriminatory. For example, the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), a tariff on carbon-intensive products, may trigger global trade tensions as impacted countries may retaliate with their own tariffs on European goods. However, it can also act as a key driver for developments in international carbon pricing policy, as several countries are now seen either exploring or creating their own CBAM or are revisiting their current carbon taxation levels.
For the Philippines, understanding how CBAM may impact direct exporters to EU of scoped-in industries, including looking at those industries where the raw materials of scoped-in industries are coming from the country, should be prioritized. This is aside from the legislative actions within the country exploring the implementation of an emissions trading scheme or the imposition of a carbon tax on the industries that contribute most to our country’s emissions.
Consequently, geopolitical tensions could grow between countries advocating for ambitious climate action and those perceived as impeding this progression. Despite these tensions, geopolitical competition could increase green investments in emerging markets, with major players like China, the US, and the EU targeting geopolitical swing states.
Climate adaptation
While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) initially focused on reducing greenhouse emissions, in 2024, about 80% of its parties have established a national adaptation plan, policy or strategy due to increasing global temperatures.
For instance, the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change highlights that the Philippines’ approach on climate change identifies climate change adaptation as its anchor strategy, with climate change mitigation as a function of adaptation. This is mainly a result of the country’s less than 1% contribution to global emissions and the various studies highlighting the vulnerability of the Philippines to the impacts of climate change, with the February 2024 Swiss Re publication, Changing Climates: The Heat is (Still) On, indicating that the country suffers the most significant economic losses as a percentage of GDP mainly resulting from flooding and tropical cyclones.
It is because of the heightening risk and accelerating climate change impacts experienced globally that the urgency for more actions relating to adaptation have increased. Combined with the more modest growth in adaptation finance flows, the global adaptation funding gap is widening, with developing countries needing about USD212 billion per year up to 2030 and around USD239 billion per year from 2030 to 2050, based on the 2023 Global Landscape of Climate Finance, issued by the Climate Policy Initiative.
Geopolitics and adaptation funding for developing nations have previously been at the forefront of climate negotiations. This will only continue, as central to the politics of adaptation funding is the fact that countries such as the Philippines have contributed almost nothing to making climate change happen, and yet are the ones experiencing the first and worst impacts as a result.
C-level considerations to navigate geopolitical uncertainties
The evolving geopolitical landscape calls for a thorough recalibration of business strategies for organizations to navigate through uncertainties effectively. By embracing multipolarity and de-risking strategies, organizations can foster resilience and agility amid heightened geopolitical competition.
While juggling these challenges, sustainability remains critical. Conflicting interests may lead to inconsistent regulations in the short-term, but moving toward a greener economy remains paramount. Therefore, organizations must prioritize green investments and climate adaptation measures in their strategic planning.
Navigating the geopolitical uncertainties of 2024 and beyond requires proactively anticipating the shifts in economic policies, regulations, and global relations. The exact path may still be uncharted, but understanding and responding to these developments will help boards remain competitive in the global market and future-proof their organizations.
Marie Stephanie C. Tan-Hamed is a Strategy and Transactions (SaT) Partner and the PH Government and Public Sector leader of SGV & Co, and Katrina F. Francisco is a Partner from the Climate Change and Sustainability Services of SGV & Co.
This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional advice where the facts and circumstances warrant. The views and opinions expressed above are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of SGV & Co.
